diff --git a/intern/ghost/intern/GHOST_ContextVK.hh b/intern/ghost/intern/GHOST_ContextVK.hh
index e1081e71e55..73dccfd30ea 100644
--- a/intern/ghost/intern/GHOST_ContextVK.hh
+++ b/intern/ghost/intern/GHOST_ContextVK.hh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ struct GHOST_Frame {
  * Vulkan backend. Notably, VKThreadData::resource_pools_count must
  * match this value.
  */
-constexpr static uint32_t GHOST_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 4;
+constexpr static uint32_t GHOST_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 5;
 
 class GHOST_ContextVK : public GHOST_Context {
   friend class GHOST_XrGraphicsBindingVulkan;
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/intern/gpu_shader.cc b/source/blender/gpu/intern/gpu_shader.cc
index 4b595ecdea4..f083461441e 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/intern/gpu_shader.cc
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/intern/gpu_shader.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "gpu_backend.hh"
 #include "gpu_context_private.hh"
+#include "gpu_profile_report.hh"
 #include "gpu_shader_create_info.hh"
 #include "gpu_shader_create_info_private.hh"
 #include "gpu_shader_dependency_private.hh"
@@ -805,14 +806,22 @@ void Shader::set_framebuffer_srgb_target(int use_srgb_to_linear)
 
 Shader *ShaderCompiler::compile(const shader::ShaderCreateInfo &info, bool is_batch_compilation)
 {
+  using Clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+  using TimePoint = Clock::time_point;
+
   using namespace blender::gpu::shader;
   const_cast<ShaderCreateInfo &>(info).finalize();
 
+  TimePoint start_time;
+
   if (Context::get()) {
     /* Context can be null in Vulkan compilation threads. */
     GPU_debug_group_begin(GPU_DEBUG_SHADER_COMPILATION_GROUP);
     GPU_debug_group_begin(info.name_.c_str());
   }
+  else {
+    start_time = Clock::now();
+  }
 
   const std::string error = info.check_error();
   if (!error.empty()) {
@@ -936,6 +945,16 @@ Shader *ShaderCompiler::compile(const shader::ShaderCreateInfo &info, bool is_ba
     GPU_debug_group_end();
     GPU_debug_group_end();
   }
+  else {
+    TimePoint end_time = Clock::now();
+    /* Note: Used by the vulkan backend. Use the same time_since_epoch as process_frame_timings. */
+    ProfileReport::get().add_group_cpu(GPU_DEBUG_SHADER_COMPILATION_GROUP,
+                                       start_time.time_since_epoch().count(),
+                                       end_time.time_since_epoch().count());
+    ProfileReport::get().add_group_cpu(info.name_.c_str(),
+                                       start_time.time_since_epoch().count(),
+                                       end_time.time_since_epoch().count());
+  }
 
   return shader;
 }
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/metal/mtl_debug.mm b/source/blender/gpu/metal/mtl_debug.mm
index dc95e9c4518..56066e2700f 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/metal/mtl_debug.mm
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/metal/mtl_debug.mm
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ void MTLContext::debug_group_end()
       break;
     }
     if (i == 0) {
-      std::cout << "Profile GPU error: Extra GPU_debug_group_end() call.\n";
+      CLOG_ERROR(&debug::LOG, "Profile GPU error: Extra GPU_debug_group_end() call.\n");
     }
   }
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ void MTLContext::process_frame_timings()
   for (int i = queries.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     if (!queries[i].finished) {
       frame_is_valid = false;
-      std::cout << "Profile GPU error: Missing GPU_debug_group_end() call\n";
+      CLOG_ERROR(&debug::LOG, "Profile GPU error: Missing GPU_debug_group_end() call\n");
     }
     break;
   }
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_debug.cc b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_debug.cc
index 98012f52ae2..8e790661437 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_debug.cc
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_debug.cc
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ void GLContext::debug_group_end()
       break;
     }
     if (i == 0) {
-      std::cout << "Profile GPU error: Extra GPU_debug_group_end() call.\n";
+      CLOG_ERROR(&LOG, "Profile GPU error: Extra GPU_debug_group_end() call.\n");
     }
   }
 }
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ void GLContext::process_frame_timings()
     for (int i = queries.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
       if (!queries[i].finished) {
         frame_is_valid = false;
-        std::cout << "Profile GPU error: Missing GPU_debug_group_end() call\n";
+        CLOG_ERROR(&LOG, "Profile GPU error: Missing GPU_debug_group_end() call\n");
       }
       else {
         glGetQueryObjectiv(queries.last().handle_end, GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE, &frame_is_ready);
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.cc b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.cc
index 1ee9898a0ae..7c46b2bd634 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.cc
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.cc
@@ -77,7 +77,10 @@ void GLShader::init(const shader::ShaderCreateInfo &info, bool is_batch_compilat
 
   /* NOTE: This is not threadsafe with regards to the specialization constants state access.
    * The shader creation must be externally synchronized. */
-  main_program_ = &program_cache_.lookup_or_add_default(constants->values);
+  main_program_ = program_cache_
+                      .lookup_or_add_cb(constants->values,
+                                        []() { return std::make_unique<GLProgram>(); })
+                      .get();
   if (!main_program_->program_id) {
     main_program_->program_id = glCreateProgram();
     debug::object_label(GL_PROGRAM, main_program_->program_id, name);
@@ -86,7 +89,10 @@ void GLShader::init(const shader::ShaderCreateInfo &info, bool is_batch_compilat
 
 void GLShader::init()
 {
-  main_program_ = &program_cache_.lookup_or_add_default(constants->values);
+  main_program_ = program_cache_
+                      .lookup_or_add_cb(constants->values,
+                                        []() { return std::make_unique<GLProgram>(); })
+                      .get();
   if (!main_program_->program_id) {
     main_program_->program_id = glCreateProgram();
     debug::object_label(GL_PROGRAM, main_program_->program_id, name);
@@ -1612,7 +1618,8 @@ GLShader::GLProgram &GLShader::program_get(const shader::SpecializationConstants
 
   program_cache_mutex_.lock();
 
-  GLProgram &program = program_cache_.lookup_or_add_default(constants_state->values);
+  GLProgram &program = *program_cache_.lookup_or_add_cb(
+      constants_state->values, []() { return std::make_unique<GLProgram>(); });
 
   program_cache_mutex_.unlock();
 
@@ -1881,7 +1888,7 @@ Shader *GLSubprocessShaderCompiler::compile_shader(const shader::ShaderCreateInf
   const shader::SpecializationConstants &constants = GPU_shader_get_default_constant_state(
       wrap(shader));
 
-  if (!worker->load_program_binary(shader->program_cache_.lookup(constants.values).program_id) ||
+  if (!worker->load_program_binary(shader->program_cache_.lookup(constants.values)->program_id) ||
       !shader->post_finalize(&info))
   {
     /* Compilation failed, try to compile it locally. */
@@ -1908,7 +1915,7 @@ void GLSubprocessShaderCompiler::specialize_shader(ShaderSpecialization &special
 
   auto program_get = [&]() -> GLShader::GLProgram * {
     if (shader->program_cache_.contains(specialization.constants.values)) {
-      return &shader->program_cache_.lookup(specialization.constants.values);
+      return shader->program_cache_.lookup(specialization.constants.values).get();
     }
     return nullptr;
   };
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.hh b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.hh
index 6500bdc54b6..2d1257c2380 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.hh
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/opengl/gl_shader.hh
@@ -85,19 +85,6 @@ class GLShader : public Shader {
     std::mutex compilation_mutex;
 
     GLProgram() {}
-    GLProgram(GLProgram &&other)
-    {
-      program_id = other.program_id;
-      vert_shader = other.vert_shader;
-      geom_shader = other.geom_shader;
-      frag_shader = other.frag_shader;
-      compute_shader = other.compute_shader;
-      other.program_id = 0;
-      other.vert_shader = 0;
-      other.geom_shader = 0;
-      other.frag_shader = 0;
-      other.compute_shader = 0;
-    }
     ~GLProgram();
 
     void program_link(StringRefNull shader_name);
@@ -105,7 +92,7 @@ class GLShader : public Shader {
 
   using GLProgramCacheKey = Vector<shader::SpecializationConstant::Value>;
   /** Contains all specialized shader variants. */
-  Map<GLProgramCacheKey, GLProgram> program_cache_;
+  Map<GLProgramCacheKey, std::unique_ptr<GLProgram>> program_cache_;
 
   std::mutex program_cache_mutex_;
 
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.cc b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.cc
index ffbb4a3e0a9..dd1860e153f 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.cc
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.cc
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ VKContext::~VKContext()
   free_resources();
   VKBackend::get().device.context_unregister(*this);
 
+  this->process_frame_timings();
+
   imm = nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -108,8 +110,13 @@ void VKContext::activate()
   if (!render_graph_.has_value()) {
     render_graph_ = std::reference_wrapper<render_graph::VKRenderGraph>(
         *device.render_graph_new());
+    /* Recreate the debug group stack for the new graph.
+     * Note: there is no associated `debug_group_end` as the graph groups
+     * are implicitly closed on submission. */
     for (const StringRef &group : debug_stack) {
-      debug_group_begin(std::string(group).c_str(), 0);
+      std::string str_group = group;
+      render_graph_.value().get().debug_group_begin(str_group.c_str(),
+                                                    debug::get_debug_group_color(str_group));
     }
   }
 
@@ -138,6 +145,7 @@ void VKContext::end_frame()
 {
   VKDevice &device = VKBackend::get().device;
   device.orphaned_data.destroy_discarded_resources(device);
+  this->process_frame_timings();
 }
 
 void VKContext::flush()
@@ -175,8 +183,13 @@ TimelineValue VKContext::flush_render_graph(RenderGraphFlushFlags flags,
   if (bool(flags & RenderGraphFlushFlags::RENEW_RENDER_GRAPH)) {
     render_graph_ = std::reference_wrapper<render_graph::VKRenderGraph>(
         *device.render_graph_new());
+    /* Recreate the debug group stack for the new graph.
+     * Note: there is no associated `debug_group_end` as the graph groups
+     * are implicitly closed on submission. */
     for (const StringRef &group : debug_stack) {
-      debug_group_begin(std::string(group).c_str(), 0);
+      std::string str_group = group;
+      render_graph_.value().get().debug_group_begin(str_group.c_str(),
+                                                    debug::get_debug_group_color(str_group));
     }
   }
   return timeline;
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.hh b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.hh
index 95739c68892..56978dea4de 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.hh
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_context.hh
@@ -55,6 +55,21 @@ class VKContext : public Context, NonCopyable {
   /* Active shader specialization constants state. */
   shader::SpecializationConstants constants_state_;
 
+  /* Debug scope timings. Adapted form GLContext::TimeQuery.
+   * Only supports CPU timings for now. */
+  struct ScopeTimings {
+    using Clock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+    using TimePoint = Clock::time_point;
+    using Nanoseconds = std::chrono::nanoseconds;
+
+    std::string name;
+    bool finished;
+    TimePoint cpu_start, cpu_end;
+  };
+  Vector<ScopeTimings> scope_timings;
+
+  void process_frame_timings();
+
  public:
   VKDiscardPool discard_pool;
 
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_debug.cc b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_debug.cc
index 340efae0d19..4af5b3e5452 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_debug.cc
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_debug.cc
@@ -16,17 +16,77 @@
 #include "vk_debug.hh"
 #include "vk_to_string.hh"
 
+#include "gpu_profile_report.hh"
+
 static CLG_LogRef LOG = {"gpu.vulkan"};
 
 namespace blender::gpu {
 void VKContext::debug_group_begin(const char *name, int)
 {
   render_graph().debug_group_begin(name, debug::get_debug_group_color(name));
+
+  if (!G.profile_gpu) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ScopeTimings timings = {};
+  timings.name = name;
+  timings.finished = false;
+  timings.cpu_start = ScopeTimings::Clock::now();
+
+  scope_timings.append(timings);
 }
 
 void VKContext::debug_group_end()
 {
   render_graph().debug_group_end();
+
+  if (!G.profile_gpu) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = scope_timings.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    ScopeTimings &query = scope_timings[i];
+    if (!query.finished) {
+      query.finished = true;
+      query.cpu_end = ScopeTimings::Clock::now();
+      break;
+    }
+    if (i == 0) {
+      CLOG_ERROR(&LOG, "Profile GPU error: Extra GPU_debug_group_end() call.\n");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void VKContext::process_frame_timings()
+{
+  if (!G.profile_gpu) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Vector<ScopeTimings> &queries = scope_timings;
+
+  bool frame_is_valid = !queries.is_empty();
+
+  for (int i = queries.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (!queries[i].finished) {
+      frame_is_valid = false;
+      CLOG_ERROR(&LOG, "Profile GPU error: Missing GPU_debug_group_end() call\n");
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (!frame_is_valid) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (ScopeTimings &query : queries) {
+    ProfileReport::get().add_group_cpu(query.name,
+                                       query.cpu_start.time_since_epoch().count(),
+                                       query.cpu_end.time_since_epoch().count());
+  }
+
+  queries.clear();
 }
 
 bool VKContext::debug_capture_begin(const char *title)
diff --git a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_device.hh b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_device.hh
index fc3d85932d0..51cfeac2667 100644
--- a/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_device.hh
+++ b/source/blender/gpu/vulkan/vk_device.hh
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class VKThreadData : public NonCopyable, NonMovable {
    * in flight used by GHOST. Therefore, this constant *must* always
    * match GHOST_ContextVK's GHOST_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT.
    */
-  static constexpr uint32_t resource_pools_count = 4;
+  static constexpr uint32_t resource_pools_count = 5;
 
  public:
   /** Thread ID this instance belongs to. */